The second Writing Assignment of Sociolinguistics

1.    Discuss four types of “ Bilingual Education” mentioned in Mr. Tsai  broadcasting Lecture 13.

2.    a) Summary Mr. Tsai. comments on Moe proposal that recruited foreign teachers to teach English in remote elementary school. Plus, b) State your own opinion about this issue. (14)

3.    a) Discuss Elaine Chaika’s (our textbook author) definition

on “ritual greeting”. B) Specify two examples (one from Taiwan’s context, the other from American culture) Mr. Tsai mentioned in his lecture on such a communication style. (15-16)

4. a) Define “repairing style”.  b) Specify two other examples (one-Chinese, the other- English) by referring to the examples listed on our textbook. page 89

5. Define a linguistic term-“ unmarked situation” by giving an example.

6. Discuss possible cross-culture differences that might affect the occurrence of “smile” ( one type of human’s kinesthetic communication).

7. Discuss Mr. Tsai. teaching and comment on the issue of “eye contact”.(23-24)

*** Answer”

1. There are four teaching styles of bilingual Education, describing the following

a.     Submersion: it means gathering all the students of immigrant family’s kids in the same classroom, no matter their background. School doesn’t do any couching, because some people think that kids can learn any Language in the natural environment, they only get along with the main stream language and kids. Actually about the submersion style is not one teaching style, because it doesn’t have any special method, teacher,and teaching material. It’s a kind of simple, easy, economy teaching style, the logic of teaching is that they don’t need do the special coaching to the immigrant children. It means they can treat every student fair, every student is equal, because the unsuitable thinking caused the famous verdict that is an immigrant student united twenty minority pupils to sue the state government of San Francisco in 1970. They sue that school doesn’t do the special coaching for the pupil who doesn’t know English, it made them lose the chance to gain the fair education. And the highest court of federal government give a verdict, that bases on the principle of public welfare, the tax payer of different groups pay the money can’t result the racial discrimination problem.

Using same teacher, teaching material, facility seems a kind of fair method on surface, in facts, for minority students is painful experiences and a kind of discrimination, for teacher is unfair either. Because the pupils who don’t know English that can’t gain the efficient benefit in education. School need do some remedial measure to match the basic code of education that is the basis of ability.

So for children to learn a language maybe soon, but to learn some basic course of cognition need five to seven years, so submersion is not good mode to learn foreign language.

b.     Bilingual Education: In the classroom instructor use two language, one is main stream, another one is faction language. And the designed course need include the history, culture and geography of ethnic group. The purpose is maintained the pupil’s whole dignity and understand diverse cultures, but it not easy to do. Because  American bilingual education is a kind of maintain mode, not a kind of development mode, it means that they don’t teach mother tongue until the fluent level in school, so the effect is not good in America.

The advantages of bilingual education is the following:

l                Students can understand the teaching and easily catch the achieved percentage.

l                Affirming the ethnic group culture and mother language, it good to keep pupil’s dignity and helpful another learning.

l                If pupils’ bilingual language arrived the high threshold, their cognitive ability is elastic to learn diverse knowledge.

     So a strong foundation of mother tongue is powerful to learn main stream language, because pupils can transfer the experience of learning mother tongue into another language.

c.     Immersion: it means the mother tongue is English of middle class in Canada, In the beginning they learn the  French (minority language) in school, because if students  learn the minority language in the initiate, it can develop the multi-ability, the minority language can be supported this is a kind of increased style learning. The way is praised by the scholar.

It also needs some condition to support:

l        Teachers must respect the mother tongue of pupils’.

l        The minority language need be the teaching media.

l        Students can do the communication with mother tongue to teachers.

l        Parents and teacher agree that mother tongue should be maintained.

d.     Two –way bilingual education: it means gathering the main stream students and the minority students in the same classroom, in the beginning, they are divided into learning they mother tongue for two years, then combine them in one classroom to learn another knowledge. The purpose is that hoping the both kind of students can pick up two languages at the same time. Of course, parents’ support is very important. It’s good for the divers languages in one community.

2.    Summary Mr. Tsai’s comment about MOE proposal that recruited one thousand foreign teachers to teach English in remote elementary school, because the located English teachers don’t want teaching the remote elementary school, but if government doesn’t consider the foreign teachers’ education background or some effects. The policy should be very rough and unconsidered. Because the language planning is very sensitive and effect deeply for a country, before carrying out the policy, MOE need confer the scholar’s suggestions and hold publicly hearing to know the advantages of the policy. To be a teacher who need take twenty educational professional credits, but not every foreigner who can speak English they all have the qualifies. Language learning for long time will effect our valued think, if parents or nations flatter the foreign teacher, we will lose ourselves culture identify, It’s very dangerous and pity for a culture and group.

    So we learn the foreign language, we need have the attitude that is “no condescending, no arrogant.”

 What’s the goal of learning English, there have many benefits and goals, such as the correct pronunciation, grammar, fluent conversation, understand another culture, good economy, raising the strong competition and so on, but it can’t instead ourselves society, culture identify,

Education is long-range program, in American, they lay stress on the basic education, in Korea, the candidate of president who emphasize the education to attract the voter. But Taiwan just wastes nations’ tax for the unimportant things. No wonder, Korean competition can overcome Taiwan. So we must know ourselves advantages and learn another one’s vantage, by this way we own the both benefit to develop our country,         

Education is the base of everything, is a country strong? Does it have the social high moral or strong contest, or safe society, etc. they all depends on the basic education, so government need to use someone who real know education and farsighted person. So about using the foreign teachers to teach in Taiwan, if just few foreign educator, it will be fine. Because it will stimulate the located educator study English hard, and promote the interaction of culture, but for one thousands foreign instructor, it will threaten the located instructors’ life power, and the public security and the nations burden, because they get high pay. The big effect is kid’s value and thought. So I think Korea style is worth to encourage, building the English village, or set the both official language ( mandarin and English), I think the last way is the best method to save the problem that Taiwan’s low efficiency in learning English.

3.    Ritual greeting are supposed to convey information about someone’s well being, but not in words, nor are words usual for the messages of statue and intimacy today in our culture, there are three reasons that are phatic communication, control of interaction( usually the privilege of controlling the interaction), and protection of the ego, what also means face.

   And ritual greeting is similar with social routines, they used to say ”hi” or “ how are you” to show the basic polite when they drive or take elevator in the public place in America or some where, if an acquaintance fails to say ”hi” when we know give it name, a snub. We feel hurt, and “kiss in the air” and hug to each other also one kinds of ritual greeting.

  In Taiwan, our ritual greeting is such as” have you eaten, have you cook, have you done something, good morning” and so on.

  Greetings are an excellent example of style as communication and be courteous attitude. It doesn’t show your real situation at the greeting moment.

4.    Repairing style: Correct use of style is a delicate matter. If the wrong style seems to have been used by one party in a dialogue, repairs often will be attempted by the other. These repairs take the form of the respondent’s manipulating his or her own style in an effort to get the first speaker to change style. That means when people do the conversation that unsuitable their state or style, the partner of the talking need change style. for example, when one person speak too intimacy to another for the first meeting persons, or too normal talking style at home. The following is the inappropriate conversation:

a.     In the café:

  Robert: Hi, Dave.

  Dave: Hello, Robert. How are you?

Robert: Not bad. You take a test or something?

Dave: Why, no. of course not. Why do you ask ?

( Robert looks strangely at Dave, and leaves without replying.)

  The social convention dismissed in this kind of greeting, it is the height of rudeness to leaves a conversation without saying” goodbye”, it is doubly rude simply not to answer a question. Robert, like the respondents in the preceding example immediately perceives the inappropriate formality. His repair takes the form of asking why “You take s test or something?” that is another way of changing style.

b.     Ernie: Hello. How are you?

Andy: Tired.

Ernie: And why is that?

Andy: (suspiciously) Because I haven’t gotten any sleep this week.

Ernie: Oh, That is too bad. I feel sorry for you.  

Andy: (antagonistically) Why are you smirking when you say that? Because you are a louse.

  Andy had another typical reaction. He got anger, assuming that Ernei either was making fun of him by speaking too formally, or thought so little of him ( Andy) that he was not to be given an opportunity to make amends if he had done something to offend Ernei.

    Properly, if someone has offended one, and that is why he or she is being too formal, then the offender has a social right to find out what is wrong and try to make amends. It shows little regard for the offender if he or she is not given this courtesy.

5.    There dose seems to be different between stylistic variation and that of dialect. For each feature such as tempo, pitch, loudness, timbre, or intonation there seems to be a base that indicates that everything is fine. The base is not a fixed point or line, but a range within which no special message seems to be given. In linguistic terms, we would say that staying within the base is an unmarked situation.

    Moving out of that range indicates that something is wrong or out of the ordinary. Hence, it is a marked situation.

  Each dialect or language seems to be spoken at a characteristic rate. For example:

l    Speeding up indicates excitement.

l    Slowing down may indicate exhaustion, boredom, or uncertainty.

l    Raising the normal pitch may indicate a number of emotioms: anger, fear, surprise, or excitement.

l    One’s normal voice can be made more honeyed when an attempt is being made to ingratiate oneself with another.

In combination, these features allow the full range of human emotion to be expressed, that different language may use them differently to signal somewhat different messages.

6.    Although the basic human repertoire for facial expression may be the same, there is plenty of evidence showing that each culture modifies that repertoire. Smiles provide us with a good example. All human beings smile, but there are many kinds of smiles. Each culture smiles in somewhat different ways for somewhat different purposes. Even within a culture, there are many facial expression and smiles indicated different meaning.

    People need understand each other’s culture and feeling in the communication situation. Otherwise, it can cause misunderstanding between any relationship of people and countries.

About in a multicultural society, it is caused misunderstanding easier. For instance Japanese –American children were misunderstood by foreign teacher, because of differences in smiling habits. As a sign of respect to their elders, these children smile when they are being scolded. Their Anglo teacher construed this as rudeness, and mentions the Japanese custom of smiling even at the death of a loved one. This is not because of any hard-heartedness. Rather, the bereaved smiles so as not to inflict his or her sorrow upon others.

7.    Eye contact:

When a person in summoned by another, it is not sufficient to answer verbally. One must turn his or her head toward the summoner. Then the interaction can begin. In many, but not all situations, once eye contact is made one is compelled to respond.

 During a conversation, eye contact is never steady. Steady gaze is staring. In most if not all cultures, staring is impolite, staring is both threatening and cowing. Staring in human beings can also being a sign of dominance and may be taken to mean haughtiness. Only a dominant person can “stare another down”, staring at the lower-ranging ones, the latter look away submissively.

  Gaze seems to indicate intensity of feelings, but the feeling can be either good or bad, prolonged gazing is considered staring, can be threatening or an indication of dominance, as well as an indication of interest and liking. Within a culture, the particular meaning given to the gaze depends on mutual social ranking, situation, posture facial expression, voice quality, and of course, what is being discussed. Gaze also helps regulate social interaction. Typically, in many but not all American social groups. Looking can mean other thing, such as disapproval, approval, anger, or flirting. Other factors, including the appearance of gazer, will also influence the message of the eyes. So the function of gaze in regulating interactions will be understood better when we better understand such as effects as motive and context. Clearly, the amount of gazing and the conditions under which it is carried out are supremely important in how one is evaluated and how one evaluates. How we get treated and how we treat others is tied up in gazing.

  Many teachers knows how often can be quelled simply by staring in the class. And professors who make a good deal of eye contact with students not only get rated highly, but their students perform better than those under the tutelage of professors who gaze less. And many a mother controls her children in public just by staring at them across a room. In the restaurant, the waiters make the eye contact to tell the customer that they have spare time or not. Everyone make eye contact when they are talking, except the infantile autism, In American culture, they judge one person who is honest, sincere or polite by the eye contact.

  One feature of eye contact styles, deviation from the conversational norm connotes a special message in many countries, for example, sexual attraction is signaled by two people looking into each other’s eyes. Thus flirting can be initiated by prolonged eye contact.

  Women look at another more while than men when they are speaking, and while they exchange simultaneous glances, women make the eye contact with the partner more than men do. There are two possible reasons. One is that women are more willing to establish and maintain eye contact, because they are more inclined toward social relations. Another is that women are more sensitive to visual cues.

Mid-term assignment of sociolinguistics—slogan

Slogan: Study and improve upwards, move in the whole world

Critique:

Around the world the social university is exactly full, on matter work or live, regardless of America, Europe or Asia, people both hope that can meet better oneself in the future, as you can catch the right sense study direction, you can continue leading the trend that the world is changing constantly. However financial affairs, marketing, human resources, different field can point out how study, even they are in MBA. Life learning is important in every field.

There are three kinds of educational styles. 1. Educate regularly( formal education), it is a school education system graded in accordance with age; 2. informal education (non- formal education), it means school education is outside, various have systematic educational activities; 3. Educate unofficially (informal education), it is the activity that can assist individual to be known via daily life and mass media. Investigate according, people are getting accept the unofficially study, because people do not study for only one skill, and for the studying time, occasion, way, they hope more elasticity, good academic environment and the quantity body study way to learn.

The whole world is studying language.When the competition boundary line vanish, the hedge of language is broken, to learn language is the first selection for the work group. According investigate, if people can speak two languages, will get higher salaries about 10-15 percent. Such as English, Chinese, or Spanish, etc. so many countries set up different policy to improve English level or learning Chinese, for instead

   In Thailand has 3 tubes of Great Britain, Chinese, Japanese are left together; Chinese have been forbidden more than thirty years, but the government of Thai began to set up the Chinese school recently, Thai officer plans run 1/3 of the high school to study Mandiran within 5 years.In South Korea ' English village ' builds the different national conditions border; over three years they have set up 10 English Villages in every city of South Korean successively. And Japan, the business school increases sharply, MBA talents hold up one's head.

  Thus No matter in which corner, people all hope to reach the growth of the life through studying, cross over the hedge of the language, create the peak of the career. So long as catch this direction sense of study, can lead in the trend change.

Movie vocabulary of Possession in Romance ~2:

1.     snippet (n): small piece snippet; fragment; insignificant person

a.     Young boy’s knowledge is snippet, so he sometimes doesn’t know how to use idiom.

b.      He is snippet because he often makes some troubles.

2.     nuptial (a): of or pertaining to marriage, (n) a marriage, a marriage ceremony.

a.     The nuptial day, the newlywed is very excited and happy.

b.     The nuptial of prince and princess of Wales is a splendid marriage ceremony.

3.     ode (n): a lyric poem expressing noble sentiment in a dignified style

a. when we are young, teacher always encourage us to recited the ancient ode.

4.     lectureship (n): a position of lecturer at university at college

a. The principal of university retains a lectureship for the excellent instructor.

5.     suffragist (n): one interested in some special cause of suffrage, esp. one who favors voting by women

 a. The candidate is famous and popular because he stands for suffragist

6.     penchant (n): a strong learning or taste

a. Matthew has penchant in medicine, thus he makes a resolution to be a physician.

7.     vulgar (a): unrefined, in dad taste, (n) common people, general

a. Spitting in public is considered vulgar, and now the behavior will be punished with fine

8.     tenant (v): to hold by rent from another; (n) an occupant, land lord, inhabitant, resident

a.     In America there are many apartments are tenanted by am immigrant and exchange students.

b.     Some immigrants have own house or a tenant in another country.

c.     Some countries have the original people, we call the tenants who is an indigen.

9.     solicitor (n):one who seeks trade or votes etc: attorney, lawyer, barrister: a civil law officer of a city, town, department or government

a.     George has been a machine solicitor for over ten years since ex-serviceman.

b.     I was advised to put the matter into the hands of a solicitor.

10.    centenary (a, n): A period of 100 years, of to pertaining to 100 years

a. Almost good arts are preserved for centenary.

11.    attorney (n): barrister, lawyer, deputy, agent

a. He became a prominent attorney after won the significant lawsuit.

12.    racy (a): fragrant, vivid; immodest

a.     The fresh seafood is quite racy in fish village, it’s very popular for the tourist.

b.     During the athletic meet, the third class is racy, so they get the champion.

13.    peck (v, n): to strike with the beak, as does a bird; light kiss; white people

a.     The woodpecker (woodjobber) is pecking the tree, because the tree has worms.

b.     People usually peck for each other for the polite manner in western custom.

14.    chap (n, v): to crack or become rough; a crack, as in skin

a.     Her hands chap in the cold weather. It makes her uncomfortable when he washes some clothes.

b.     The dish had fallen, so it has many chaps on the surface.

15.    mockery (n): a subject of laughter, derision, or sport; an empty sham

a. Through his foolishness he became a mockery in the village, it gave him bad memory and weak character.

16.    novice (n): a beginner in any business, profession, or calling

a. Blake is a novice at bridge and gamble, so he lost large money.

17.    herald (n, v): a messenger; a forerunner; to introduce; proclaim; precede

a.     Earthquakes are often the heralds of volcanic eruption.

b. In the end of winter, the singing of the birds heralds spring.

18.    scratch (v, n): to mark, or tear the surface of, with something rough or pointed, as with a pin; a slight wound or cut, as that made by a pin

a. Be careful of the cat! He'll scratch you. Provided you annoy a pregnant cat.

b. I received a mere scratch as soon as the car accident.

19.    perish (v): to lose life or vitality; decay or die

a. Hundreds of people perished in the earthquake and hurricane recently, because the globe warming, the weather change a lot

20.    pointless (a): blunt; bull, having no real meaning

a. The pin is too pointless to sew zipper the jeans

  b. It ‘s pointless for the exam, because pupil cheat tutor.

Sociolinguistics Mid-term report --1

Language ideology   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_ideology

A. Introduce

Language ideology refers specifically to the perceptions held by people about language and, more importantly, how those perceptions are projected onto speakers. In her work on language and political economy, University of Michigan Professor of Anthropology Judith Irvine, an early pioneer who continues to be instrumental in this field, defines a language ideology as "the cultural system of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and political interests" (1989). Walt Wolfram and Natalie Schilling-Estes define language ideology as "ingrained, unquestioned beliefs about the way the world is, the way it should be, and the way it has to be with respect to language"(2006). This includes assumptions about the merits of homogenous language within a society, the perceived beauty of certain languages, whether certain languages or dialects are seen as intelligent or unintelligent, and other notions about the value of certain ways of speaking. These aspects are all studied in the field of sociolinguistics, but the idea of language ideology is a relatively recent area of inquiry, which is primarily explored in linguistic anthropology. The study of it relates more to why people perceive language (and speakers) in certain ways, rather than how it is used socially.

The study of language ideology is important to many fields of research, including anthropology, sociology, and linguistics. Especially now that anthropology rejects the idea that culture or cultures represent homogeneous isolated entities, language ideology has become a useful model for understanding how human groups are organized, despite cleavages in belief and practice. For example, multiple languages are spoken in any given human society. Therefore a theory of linguistics that regards human societies as monolingual would be of limited use. Instead, speakers of different languages or dialects may share certain beliefs, practices, or conflicts involving a language, set of languages, or language in general. That is to say, speech communities may be regarded as “organizations of diversity” (Irvine 2006) with language ideologies providing that organization.

[edit] Examples

Standard Language Ideology – As defined by Rosina Lippi-Green, Standard Language Ideology is "a bias toward an abstract, idealized homogeneous language, which is imposed and maintained by dominant institutions and which has as its model the written language, but which is drawn primarily from the spoken language of the upper middle class" (Green, 1997). This represents a belief in standard, uniform way of speaking, which is thought to be a better way of communicating, and also that this is the normal way that language exists. As James W. Tollefson notes, however, “linguists agree that variation is normal and intrinsic to all spoken language, even to standard varieties” (1999). Thus the idea that a standard language, such as Standard American English, has homogenous phonology is an idealization, based not on the reality of the language, but instead on the ideas about what language should be.

A current example (May 2006) of language ideology in action would be the debate in the United States over Spanish speaking immigrants. The political justifications for an official language in the U.S. are entirely based on the embedded principles described by language ideology.

A similar debate concerns the validity of using Ebonics in teaching.

These assumptions are reinforced by the way that language is taught, through the use of textbooks, dictionaries and grammar lessons (Tollefson, 1999).

***Summary:

The article talks about the lingiustic ideology that is a systematic construct language belief related with the moral, social and political values, and refers specifically to the perceptions held by people about language and, more importantly, how those perceptions are projected onto speakers. A common type of language ideology are standard Language Ideologies, the belief that language homogeneity is benefical to society.

   Language ideology has become a useful model for understanding how human groups are organized, despite cleavages in belief and practice. For example, multiple languages are spoken in any given human society. Therefore a theory of linguistics that regards human societies as monolingual would be of limited use. Instead, speakers of different languages or dialects may share certain beliefs, practices, or conflicts involving a language, set of languages, or language in general. It could be a big debate. Such as, in current example of language ideology in action would be debate in the United States over Spanish speaking immigrant, the political debate official language in the U.S. are entirely based on embedded principles described by language ideology.

***Critique:

      Language ideologies encompass all the explicit and implicit attitute about language that define what is perceived as “ proper” speech, kanguage ideologies are aslo often politically significant and deeply shape how speaker undersatnd social life. But while research in sociolinguistics filed generally holds that all langauge are equal in every kind of langiage communication and expression abilities. Language ideologies has wide implication for society including moral, society and political, but it often negatively affect the ability of minority language speakers to succeed in education because teacher’s perception of what constitutes proper langauge, therefore intelligent could be biased against the langauge or dielect spoken by the students, the situation will effect minority students huge.

      Therefore, people have about a language or about language in general, it’s huge issue, because it’s related with the different ethnics, society, and politics in the furure, the policymaker can’t be carelees.

Differences according to age gropus:

Differences according to age groups, There are several different types of age-based variation one may see within a population. They are: vernacular of a subgroup with membership typically characterized by a specific age range, age-graded variation, and indications of linguistic change in progress.

One example of subgroup vernacular is the speech of street youth. Just as street youth dress differently from the "norm", they also often have their own "language". The reasons for this are the following: (1) To enhance their own cultural identity (2) To identify with each other, (3) To exclude others, and (4) To invoke feelings of fear or admiration from the outside world. Strictly speaking, this is not truly age-based, since it does not apply to all individuals of that age bracket within the community.

Age-graded variation is a stable variation which varies within a population based on age. That is, speakers of a particular age will use a specific linguistic form in successive generations. This is relatively rare. Chambers (1995) cites an example from southern Ontario, Canada where the pronunciation of the letter 'Z' varies. Most of the English-speaking world pronounces it 'zed'; however, in the United States, it is pronounced 'zee'. A linguistic survey found that in 1979 two-thirds of the 12 year olds in Toronto ended the recitation of the alphabet with the letter 'zee' where only 8% of the adults did so. Then in 1991, (when those 12 year olds were in their mid-20s) a survey showed only 39% of the 20-25 year olds used 'zee'. In fact, the survey showed that only 12% of those over 30 used the form 'zee'. This seems to be tied to an American children's song frequently used to teach the alphabet. In this song, the rhyme scheme matches the letter Z with V 'vee', prompting the use of the American pronunciation. As the individual grows older, this marked form 'zee' is dropped in favor of the standard form 'zed'.

People tend to use linguistic forms that were prevalent when they reached adulthood. So, in the case of linguistic change in progress, one would expect to see variation over a broader range of ages. Bright (1997) provides an example taken from American English where there is an on-going merger of the vowel sounds in such pairs of words as 'caught' and 'cot'. Examining the speech across several generations of a single family, one would find the grandparents' generation would never or rarely merge these two vowel sounds; their children's generation may on occasion, particularly in quick or informal speech; while their grandchildren's generation would merge these two vowels uniformly. This is the basis of the apparent-time hypothesis where age-based variation is taken as an indication of linguistic change in progress.

Summary:

The article describes the differences of age group and the changing process of language. There are several different types of age-based variation, age-graded variation within the population. They are many kind of vernacular subgroup membership of a typically characterized age range, and indications of linguistic change in progress. For instance, the youth groups also often have their own “language”, there are many reasons to make the situation and groups, by this way, they can enhance their own culture identity, to identify with each other, to exclude others, and to invoke feeling of fear and admination from the world, by the way, they fell belongingness. So the speaker of a particular age will sue a specific lingiushtic form in successive generations.

 The pronunciation is changing by the time, people tend to  use linguistic forms that were prevalent when they are in childhood and adulthood, so in the case, linguishtic change in progress and broadet range of ages. For instance English is on-going merger of the vowel sounds in such pairs lf words as ‘caught” and ‘cot”. It has changed unconsciously, quickly and informal speech, this basises of the”apparent-time hypothesis where age-based variation is taken as an indication of linguistic change in progress.

Critique: talking about the age group of language is interesting and subtly feeling, because different age and group have specific language codes and meaning, and they  are change subtly by the time and person in the group. People always effect each other by language, body language, behavior and habbit, specially for the youth and childhood, they are easy and vlever to imitate evrey thing. As the movie, singers’behevior or advertisement, it effects them a lot, for instance, one of the fashionable langauge”只要我喜歡,有什麼不可以”it seem encourage people do anything by the feeling or like or dislike, actually it unreasonable in the real life. So in the globe village every knowledge transfers rapidly by internet, to choose the right things and imformations is very important, so be yourself. Don’t go with the flow.

Look for the alternative energy source  It is the only outlet

Incident one: October 12, 2007,

Former American vice president Gal (AlbertArnold Gore Jr.) Because shoot environmental protection documentary film of " truth unwilling to face ", step the climate changes group of the government (IPCC) with the United Nations Get 2007 Nobel Peace Prize together. 

Incident two: Holy Helen of American Washington who keeps quiet for 20 years, the volcano waits for a chance to cause trouble then! 

Incident three: Germany can hold Allianz in the world and green the fund amount of the trend is raised and exploded, the relevant alternative energy source fund is like the mushrooms after rain, one connect one put out, become hot investment target most in recent years.  

3 the above-mentioned incidents happen on different space-time, but direct at a thing, that is: Coal, natural gas, petroleum,etc. natural resource make bull Nie A global to take, lead to the fact the great calamity of the earth while being warm, and the alternative energy source will become the future main trend. 

 Climate changes great extremely urgent crisis 

See the film reader " after the tomorrow ", sure plot shake drama, this film would rather call it the world big prophecy than say it is a disaster film. The crises of global climate changes are not the fictitious plot that the playwriter creates out, but an extremely urgent great crisis of environment. 

3 big problems that the global natural environment meets, include: 1. Greenhouse effects; 2.Nie F3 of energy bull. The development of the alternative energy source and question that may meet. 

In recent years, the unusual weather takes place again and again, the drought and waterlogging keeps pouring in, heat wave tsunami takes place in succession, hurricane tornado wildness, forest fire frequency are improved, the water level of sea level rises etc., is the global and warm peculiar phenomenon caused of melting. 

IPCC shows, even if various countries cost several 1 billion dollars every year, reduce the emission of carbon dioxide with all strength, result still limited, climate changes already ' and irreversible sharply ', various countries should suit hard, study and coexist with climate changes. IPCC thinks too, food shortage, the universe drought, the big flood of coastal area and strong storm caused in climate changes, may threaten nearly 1 billion people. 

In order to solve the greenhouse effects problem faced in the whole world, " Kyoto Protocol " signed by 39 main industrial countries in the world in 1997 has already come into force and implemented formally in February of 2005. Standardizing various countries to the carbon dioxide (CO2) in its main content It is the gas emission of 6 kinds of main greenhouses, by 2012, must reduce by more than 5.2% compared with 1990. Though Taiwan sign country, for comply with trend and reduce in the future outputting to punish into possibility goods, the government has already paid close attention to to the gas emission question of the greenhouse. 

Except greenhouse effects, bull of the energy ] becomes the crisis of the earth. Producing the energy mainly has 3 big raw materials, including: Coal, natural gas and petroleum, these natural resources, can't regenerate, have a bull that gargles it after all. 

According to the American energy office(U.S.  Department of Energy) Wait for the energy organization to count, the global petroleum is expected to totally consume after 43 years at present, the reserves of natural gas can for global service time to only have 62 years left; The coal can be reused in about 230; Full A that the nuclear energy generates electricity is for the whole world to reuse for 64 years. According to the estimation of American Ministry of Energy, the demand to the energy of the following 20 years

According to estimation of American Ministry of Energy, demand for the energy may rise 50% more in the following 20 years. In other words, exhaust in the natural resources day by day, under the situation that demand is growing on and on, look for the alternative energy source, become the only outlet!  Can be studied while growing the quality  Contemporary extremely hot 

World will estimate to energy association until 2010, the market of global alternative energy source can be up to 625 billion dollars, be up to 1.9 trillion dollars in 2020, there is 3 times of growth space in 10, so, the development of the green alternative energy source, will become the global new trend. Master Jim of global investment   Rogers (Jim Rogers) , China's human relations   Buffett (Warren Buffett) And world the richest Bill   Zhao ] Bill Gates) ,Vie for entering green alternative energy source industry one after another. 

What is called green alternative energy source, refer to having regeneration continuously, moreover pollution-free characteristic, is undertaking the holy mission that cherish the earth, solar energy, growing the quality (biomass) Fuel, ocean flow, wind-power electricity generation and hydroelectric generation, that is getting green important representative of energy. 

Among them, in hydroelectric generation, the most common one utilizes the reservoir to generate electricity at present, however, find, the great hydroelectric generation will release gas of greenhouse such as a large amount of carbon dioxide, methane and oxidizing inferior nitrogen according to the investigation, produce ' oxidize excellently ' the phenomenon, cause the alga to breed too much, produce the function of adding fuel to the flames in melting globally and warmly. Researcher study, utilize brook wait, come feasibility that generate electricity already. Water flowing produces and generates electricity through the kinetic energy, the ' resting water ' compared with reservoir,etc., negative impacts caused are relatively little. 

Recently, the hottest one is the research that can grow the quality. In brief, it can just use the animals and plants to grow the quality, or its garbage disposal that discharges out generates electricity; Regard RDF as the grade, is divided into 7 grades altogether such as the solid, liquid and gas. The rubbish was dealt with by the incinerator in the past, could burn the hierarchical situation and produce heat energy, and then turn into the electric energy. But environmental consciousness runs high, the incinerator is built and obstructed, in addition, Taiwan implements rubbish classification completely, rubbish amount reduce, non- enough to burn, environmental protection administration odd full-length incinerators plans that rule paint, under lacking the economic benefits, stop healing A and can produce certain difficulty degree to grow the quality one by one. 

 The global grain is distributed  The awkward awkward situation appears 

The petrol of alcohol can be used for generating electricity too, extract and refine from the maize, sugarcane, otherwise grow the quality diesel oil, raw materials are sunflower seed, soybean, rape son and waste edible oil,etc.. According to the administrative decree that our country will come into force on July 1, 2008, force in the current diesel oil, add growing the quality diesel oil of 1%. But the development that can grow the quality, also have a negative effect. Because of substitute after the energy development, can create high income, result in, consider as heavy alcohol ground maker Brazilian,etc. country most, under lacking environmental consciousness, cut down the rainforest in a large amount (change to plant crops such as the maize, sugarcane,etc.) ,Encourage the greenhouse effects instead, form the vicious circle. Some grain big country, in transfer to behind former supplies such as the soybean, maize,etc. the alternative energy source, produce the global grain and distribute the question, make the whole world face the awkward awkward situation. 

In fact, the regenerated energy has 5 great advantages: 1. There is less gas emission of the greenhouse, accord with the environmental protection standard; 2.Can combine with environmental characteristic (illumination better summer, need electricity more; The illumination is weak in winter; Need little electricity)  ; 3.Stimulate and bring Mid-term assignment—one of media slogans

Slogan: To look for the alternative energy source is the only outlet.

Comment:  I am worry that the topic of slogan digresses with sociolinguistic, but I think the issue must and merit to be talked and utilize in our dairy life. Its range must be a generally and widely as sociolinguistic to attention.

Almost people has known our earth has gotten sick, and now the situation is very desperately, but no one has the best way to solve the problem that wise human cause the bad environment. But happy thing is that many countries has begun to make some bill and essence to polularize, cooperate with the norm of ‘Kyoto Protocol” actively, in order to improve our valued earth.

To watch China news, they lack petrolatum seriously, the cars need make long line to add petrolatum for long time, it likes fairy tale in Taiwan, but to view around the world, so much events of unusual weather take place. It damaged large families and countries. Actually nowadays coal, natural gas, petrolatum, etc. Natural resource exhaust, globe warming, and the alternative energy source will become the future main trend

  So there are three extremely urgent great crisis of environment. 1. Greenhouse effects.2. The energy drained. 3. The used problem of regenerated energy, this kind of big issue, it needs government and companies deal with it, how about the most important personal, how to pay ourselves proper role to solve the urgent circumstances, there are many ways:

1. there are 60s billion people live one the earth, if people cut down the waste hobbit, human can reduce to destroy the natural, such cut the tree, produce the goods, and emission the carbon dioxide (CO2), think about our life we waste to much energy. Like the food, people are getting fat, but our soil is getting  few nutrition. It’s worst recycling.

2. Reduce, reuse and recycle need to carry out in our dairy life, such as reduce using paper, now for the senior high school, university students hand in the homework just by mail. It’s also one way to do, it doesn’t limit the time and distance.

3. Through education people will aware that protests our earth is everyone’s duty, because almost people know keeping life, but they don’t know they damage the land and circumstance a lot, so through education and media to educate people is significant.

4. To encourage the people research and create alterative energy and regenerated energy.

So everyone is the members of the globe village, there is responsibility to prevent melting lasting deterioration of the phenomenon warmly, let’s think deeply and sincere concern the issue. Who knows what is caused of the next war, maybe that is grabbing the energy.

Differences according to age gropus:

Differences according to age groups, There are several different types of age-based variation one may see within a population. They are: vernacular of a subgroup with membership typically characterized by a specific age range, age-graded variation, and indications of linguistic change in progress.

One example of subgroup vernacular is the speech of street youth. Just as street youth dress differently from the "norm", they also often have their own "language". The reasons for this are the following: (1) To enhance their own cultural identity (2) To identify with each other, (3) To exclude others, and (4) To invoke feelings of fear or admiration from the outside world. Strictly speaking, this is not truly age-based, since it does not apply to all individuals of that age bracket within the community.

Age-graded variation is a stable variation which varies within a population based on age. That is, speakers of a particular age will use a specific linguistic form in successive generations. This is relatively rare. Chambers (1995) cites an example from southern Ontario, Canada where the pronunciation of the letter 'Z' varies. Most of the English-speaking world pronounces it 'zed'; however, in the United States, it is pronounced 'zee'. A linguistic survey found that in 1979 two-thirds of the 12 year olds in Toronto ended the recitation of the alphabet with the letter 'zee' where only 8% of the adults did so. Then in 1991, (when those 12 year olds were in their mid-20s) a survey showed only 39% of the 20-25 year olds used 'zee'. In fact, the survey showed that only 12% of those over 30 used the form 'zee'. This seems to be tied to an American children's song frequently used to teach the alphabet. In this song, the rhyme scheme matches the letter Z with V 'vee', prompting the use of the American pronunciation. As the individual grows older, this marked form 'zee' is dropped in favor of the standard form 'zed'.

People tend to use linguistic forms that were prevalent when they reached adulthood. So, in the case of linguistic change in progress, one would expect to see variation over a broader range of ages. Bright (1997) provides an example taken from American English where there is an on-going merger of the vowel sounds in such pairs of words as 'caught' and 'cot'. Examining the speech across several generations of a single family, one would find the grandparents' generation would never or rarely merge these two vowel sounds; their children's generation may on occasion, particularly in quick or informal speech; while their grandchildren's generation would merge these two vowels uniformly. This is the basis of the apparent-time hypothesis where age-based variation is taken as an indication of linguistic change in progress.

Summary:

The article describes the differences of age group and the changing process of language. There are several different types of age-based variation, age-graded variation within the population. They are many kind of vernacular subgroup membership of a typically characterized age range, and indications of linguistic change in progress. For instance, the youth groups also often have their own “language”, there are many reasons to make the situation and groups, by this way, they can enhance their own culture identity, to identify with each other, to exclude others, and to invoke feeling of fear and admination from the world, by the way, they fell belongingness. So the speaker of a particular age will sue a specific lingiushtic form in successive generations.

 The pronunciation is changing by the time, people tend to  use linguistic forms that were prevalent when they are in childhood and adulthood, so in the case, linguishtic change in progress and broadet range of ages. For instance English is on-going merger of the vowel sounds in such pairs lf words as ‘caught” and ‘cot”. It has changed unconsciously, quickly and informal speech, this basises of the”apparent-time hypothesis where age-based variation is taken as an indication of linguistic change in progress.

Critique: talking about the age group of language is interesting and subtly feeling, because different age and group have specific language codes and meaning, and they  are change subtly by the time and person in the group. People always effect each other by language, body language, behavior and habbit, specially for the youth and childhood, they are easy and vlever to imitate evrey thing. As the movie, singers’behevior or advertisement, it effects them a lot, for instance, one of the fashionable langauge”只要我喜歡,有什麼不可以”it seem encourage people do anything by the feeling or like or dislike, actually it unreasonable in the real life. So in the globe village every knowledge transfers rapidly by internet, to choose the right things and imformations is very important, so be yourself. Don’t go with the flow.